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The digital euro: a solution to what problem exactly?

Do we really need the digital euro?

Sep, 2025

The digital euro project, promoted by the European Commission and the ECB, is presented as a response to the erosion of confidence in the financial system and the rise of alternatives such as cryptocurrencies. However, the problem is political, not technological: mistrust stems from institutional failures in the wake of the Great Financial Crisis.
The digital euro does not respond to a real social demand, but rather to the institutional anxiety of the ECB. Its evaluation must undergo a rigorous test of necessity and proportionality compared to other alternatives.

Penalties for establishments that refused cash payments

Consumer Affairs imposes first penalties on businesses that do not accept cash

Sep, 2025

The Ministry of Consumer Affairs has imposed the first penalties on businesses that refused cash payments, which is prohibited by the General Law for the Defence of Consumers and Users in 2022 (Royal Legislative Decree 1/2007). Although digital payments are advancing, cash remains the most widely used means of payment in Spain, accounting for 57% of transactions in 2024. The measure seeks to protect consumers and prevent financial exclusion, following the example of other countries such as Australia.

Effective: Legislative Initiatives in the United States

US Congress reopens debate on legislation protecting cash payments

Sep, 2025

Cash returns to the centre of the legislative debate in Washington with two legislative initiatives, the Payment Choice Act and the Secure Access to Cash Act, which seek to guarantee the right to pay in cash and strengthen access to cash machines.

Digital dollar

US bans issuance of digital dollar

Sep, 2025

‘This would be a dangerous threat to freedom, and I will prevent it from coming to the United States.’
‘Such a currency would give the federal government absolute control over your money.’
‘As your president, I will never allow the creation of a central bank digital currency.’

Stablecoins

Stablecoins: from financial innovation to potential systemic risk

Jul, 2025

Stablecoins have grown rapidly to become key components of the global financial system, with Tether as the market leader. Although they offer efficiency and lower volatility, institutions such as the ECB and the BIS warn of their potential to generate systemic risks if not properly regulated. The collapse of TerraUSD in 2022 highlighted these threats. While the US is promoting private stablecoins and putting the brakes on a public digital currency, international bodies are calling for strict regulatory frameworks to prevent further crises.

Payment sovereignty

Payment sovereignty: act (again) now and prepare for the future.

Jul, 2025

On 2 June, the CNMP (National Committee on Payment Methods) issued a statement in which, as a result of the general increase in tensions and uncertainty, it emphasised the importance of cash as a crucial means of payment for ensuring a resilient economy, an independent industry and greater national security.

Social and financial inclusion

Financial inclusion: access to banking services

Jun, 2025

Miguel Martínez, 66, never imagined that on the day he retired, he would be surprised to see an ATM installed right next to his house.
‘I won't have to travel to nearby towns to withdraw money every month anymore, like we used to do.’
‘It's a very ageing village and every month we had to accompany several elderly people to neighbouring villages to collect their pensions or pay bills.’

Scenarios for the future of cash

Cash of the Future: three hypothetical scenarios on the role of cash in Germany

Jun, 2025

The study ‘Cash of the Future’ by the Bundesbank analyses how the use of cash in Germany could evolve between 2025 and 2037. Through three possible scenarios, it examines various social, economic and technological factors that could influence the role of cash in the future.

National Security

The importance of cash to National Security

Jun, 2025

The defence of cash is a requirement of our model of social democracies where access to services of general interest for the most vulnerable (and access to cash is one of them) is a central element of this model. At a time of growing geopolitical tension and vulnerability of digital infrastructures, it is crucial not to rely exclusively on a single means of payment. Denaria calls for an urgent update of the regulatory framework that recognises cash as a critical infrastructure and guarantees its presence and acceptance throughout the country.

Cash: Privacy and Security

The resilience of cash in the digital age

Jun, 2025

Despite the rise of digital payments, physical money remains valid as a store of value, a guarantee of privacy, and an essential resource in times of crisis.
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